Follow-up care of 12 months of patients with bladder cancer in Spain: A multicenter prospective cohort study.

The therapeutic approach of bladder cancer strongly determines its prognosis. We describe the treatments and outcomes for a Spanish cohort of patients with bladder cancer for the first 12 months after diagnosis and identify the factors that influenced the decision to undergo the treatment received. We conducted a multicenter, prospective, cohort study including primary bladder cancer patients during the first 12 months after diagnosis. The clinical outcomes were performance status (ECOG), adverse events and any cause of mortality. We stratified the analysis by factors that might influence the treatments received. We conducted univariate and multivariable logistic regression models to assess which patient and tumor characteristics were associated with receiving adjuvant treatment in the subgroup of noninvasive bladder cancer patients. In total, 314 patients were included (85% men; 53.8% >70 years) in 7 tertiary Spanish hospitals; 82.2% had a noninvasive urothelial bladder cancer (NMIBC). Patients received mostly surgery plus adjuvant therapy (67.7%). BCG (32.8% patients) was the most frequently administered adjuvant therapy, followed by intravesical chemotherapy (17.8% patients) and radiotherapy (10.8%). The variability of administered treatments among hospitals was low. Patients with NMIBC were more likely to receive adjuvant therapy if they had a higher educational level, some comorbidities and a high-grade tumor. The number of fully active patients (ECOG 0) significantly decreased during the first year of follow-up from 58% to 36 % (OR: 2.41, 95%CI 1.82-3.20); at 12-month follow-up 10.8% patients had died from any cause. In conclusion, most of the patients had a NMIBC. Surgery alone or plus adjuvant therapy were the commonest curative options of bladder cancer. BCG therapy was the adjuvant therapy most frequently administered. Higher educational level, presence of comorbidities and a high-grade tumor were associated with adjuvant therapy. Patient performance status was worsening over time. Almost 1 of 10 patients died during the first year of follow-up.

Catalan experience of deadoption of low-value practices in primary care.

Reducing ineffective practices is one way to ensure high-quality and efficient healthcare for the population. For this reason, several initiatives have been implemented worldwide to reduce low-value care. This article describes the experience of the Essencial project, a multifaceted deadoption strategy implemented in the Catalan primary care system. Lessons learnt from this project include the importance of considering the local context in deadoption strategies, providing adequate training and communication material to patients and clinicians and supporting the key role of clinical champions. Given the knowledge gaps regarding the conditions for successful deadoption strategies, the Catalan experience could provide enlightenment on how to implement, evaluate and sustain a large-scale collaborative deadoption strategy in primary healthcare.

Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by region and income level: a pooled analysis.

BACKGROUND: Since 2006, many countries have implemented publicly funded human papillomavirus (HPV) immunisation programmes. However, global estimates of the extent and impact of vaccine coverage are still unavailable. We aimed to quantify worldwide cumulative coverage of publicly funded HPV immunisation programmes up to 2014, and the potential impact on future cervical cancer cases and deaths. METHODS: Between Nov 1 and Dec 22, 2014, we systematically reviewed PubMed, Scopus, and official websites to identify HPV immunisation programmes worldwide, and retrieved age-specific HPV vaccination coverage rates up to October, 2014. To estimate the coverage and number of vaccinated women, retrieved coverage rates were converted into birth-cohort-specific rates, with an imputation algorithm to impute missing data, and applied to global population estimates and cervical cancer projections by country and income level. FINDINGS: From June, 2006, to October, 2014, 64 countries nationally, four countries subnationally, and 12 overseas territories had implemented HPV immunisation programmes. An estimated 118 million women had been targeted through these programmes, but only 1% were from low-income or lower-middle-income countries. 47 million women (95% CI 39-55 million) received the full course of vaccine, representing a total population coverage of 1·4% (95% CI 1·1-1·6), and 59 million women (48-71 million) had received at least one dose, representing a total population coverage of 1·7% (1·4-2·1). In more developed regions, 33·6% (95% CI 25·9-41·7) of females aged 10-20 years received the full course of vaccine, compared with only 2·7% (1·8-3·6) of females in less developed regions. The impact of the vaccine will be higher in upper-middle-income countries (178 192 averted cases by age 75 years) than in high-income countries (165 033 averted cases), despite the lower number of vaccinated women (13·3 million vs 32·2 million). INTERPRETATION: Many women from high-income and upper-middle-income countries have been vaccinated against HPV. However, populations with the highest incidence and mortality of disease remain largely unprotected. Rapid roll-out of the vaccine in low-income and middle-income countries might be the only feasible way to narrow present inequalities in cervical cancer burden and prevention. FUNDING: PATH, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, and Agència de Gestió d'Ajuts Universitaris i de Recerca (AGAUR).

¿Cómo afecta el tipo de seguro de salud a la realización del Papanicolaou en Perú? / How does type of health insurance affect receipt of Pap testing in Peru?

OBJETIVO: Describir la asociación entre la realización de la citología del cuello uterino y el tipo de seguro de salud en las mujeres peruanas, y determinar el papel de las variables sociodemográficas y de salud sexual en esta relación. MÉTODOS: Se realizó un estudio transversal que utiliza la información de la Encuesta Demográfica y de Salud Familiar (ENDES), Perú, 2005-2008, correspondiente a una selección de 12 272 mujeres de 30 a 49 años de edad. La variable dependiente fue la realización de alguna prueba de Papanicolaou (PAP) en los últimos 5 años. Las variables independientes principales fueron el tipo de seguro de salud, el nivel educativo, el nivel socioeconómico del hogar, la etnia y el área de residencia. La asociación multivariada fue estimada a través de la razón de prevalencias, utilizando la regresión Poisson con varianza robusta. RESULTADOS: Se encontró que 62,7% de las mujeres sexualmente activas se habían realizado algún PAP en los últimos 5 años. Este porcentaje de participación variaba según el tipo de seguro de salud, donde las mujeres con seguro público tenían 1,27 (intervalo de confianza de 95% [IC95%]: 1,24-1,31) y las que tenían seguro privado 1,52 (IC95%:1,46-1,58) veces mayor probabilidad de haberse realizado un PAP que aquellas sin seguro. Esta asociación era explicada predominantemente por las variables de posición socioeconómica. Asimismo las mujeres que tenían la participación más baja eran las analfabetas o con educación primaria, de nivel socioeconómico bajo, con antecedente de lengua indígena y que vivían en la zonas rurales-siendo esta brecha aún mayor cuando además carecían de seguro de salud, llegando a ser hasta la tercera parte en relación con los grupos sociales más favorecidos. CONCLUSIONES: Se hallaron desigualdades según el tipo de seguro de salud en la realización del PAP, siendo las mujeres sin seguro las que menos lo utilizaron, lo cual supone una barrera para el acceso al cribado de cáncer de cérvix en Perú.

OBJECTIVE: Describe the association between receipt of cervical cytology and type of health insurance in Peruvian women, and determine the role of sociodemographic and sexual health variables in this relationship. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using information on a sample of 12 272 women aged 30 to 49 years from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES), Peru, 2005-2008. The dependent variable was receipt of at least one Pap smear in the last five years. The primary independent variables were type of health insurance, educational level, household socioeconomic level, ethnicity, and place of residence. Prevalence ratio, obtained from Poisson regression with robust variance, was used to measure multivariate association. RESULTS: Among sexually active women, 62.7% had received at least one Pap test in the last five years. Percentage of women tested varied by type of health insurance. Women with public or private insurance had a greater probability of having received a Pap smear-1.27 (95% CI, 1.24-1.31) and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.46-1.58) times greater, respectively-than uninsured women. This association was primarily explained by socioeconomic status variables. In addition, women who participated the least in screening were characterized by illiteracy or only a primary education, low socioeconomic level, speaking an indigenous language, and living in a rural area. When they also lacked health insurance, the gap widened, rising to as much as one third compared to more advantaged social groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities were found in receipt of Pap testing according to type of health insurance; women without insurance were least likely to be screened, implying existence of a barrier to cervical cancer screening in Peru.

[How does type of health insurance affect receipt of Pap testing in Peru?]. / ¿Cómo afecta el tipo de seguro de salud a la realización del Papanicolaou en Perú?

OBJECTIVE: Describe the association between receipt of cervical cytology and type of health insurance in Peruvian women, and determine the role of sociodemographic and sexual health variables in this relationship. METHODS: A cross-sectional study using information on a sample of 12 272 women aged 30 to 49 years from the Demographic and Family Health Survey (ENDES), Peru, 2005-2008. The dependent variable was receipt of at least one Pap smear in the last five years. The primary independent variables were type of health insurance, educational level, household socioeconomic level, ethnicity, and place of residence. Prevalence ratio, obtained from Poisson regression with robust variance, was used to measure multivariate association. RESULTS: Among sexually active women, 62.7% had received at least one Pap test in the last five years. Percentage of women tested varied by type of health insurance. Women with public or private insurance had a greater probability of having received a Pap smear--1.27 (95% CI, 1.24-1.31) and 1.52 (95% CI, 1.46-1.58) times greater, respectively--than uninsured women. This association was primarily explained by socioeconomic status variables. In addition, women who participated the least in screening were characterized by illiteracy or only a primary education, low socioeconomic level, speaking an indigenous language, and living in a rural area. When they also lacked health insurance, the gap widened, rising to as much as one third compared to more advantaged social groups. CONCLUSIONS: Inequalities were found in receipt of Pap testing according to type of health insurance; women without insurance were least likely to be screened, implying existence of a barrier to cervical cancer screening in Peru.

Cumplimentación de la ocupación en las historias clínicas de la Atención Primaria: 1992–2007 / Filling in of the occupation in primary care clinical histories 1992 - 2007

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Efectos de la vacunación antigripal sobre el porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4 positivos en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos: estudio de una cohorte / Effects of influenza vaccination on the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients: a cohort study

ObjetivoDeterminar la incidencia del cambio inmunitario del porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4+ en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos en el primer trimestre posvacunación antigripal (P-CIR) y secundariamente comparar las características demográficas y clínicas relacionadas con dicho cambio.MétodosSe estudiaron 105 pacientes con VIH-sida de una cohorte retrospectiva hospitalaria entre 2001 y 2006. Se consideró P-CIR una disminución >3% del porcentaje de CD4+ prevacunal, y su asociación cruda y ajustada (sexo, edad, terapia antirretroviral, estabilidad clínica, carga viral prevacunal, CD4 total prevacunal) fue evaluada por regresión logística (odds ratio [OR] con intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC95%]).ResultadosLa incidencia del P-CIR fue del 33,3%, y fue persistente en un 31,4% durante los siete meses posvacunación independientemente de una viremia alta prevacunal. Asimismo, las variables demográficas y clínicas estudiadas no se relacionaron con la presencia de P-CIR, con una OR cruda de 0,90 (0,17–4,8) y una OR ajustada de 1,09 (0,17–6,8).ConclusionesLos datos encontrados reflejan que el cambio relevante del estado inmunitario no fue despreciable en la posvacunación, aunque mayoritariamente resultó transitorio(AU)

ObjectiveTo determine the incidence of immunologic change in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients in the first quarter after influenza vaccination (P-CIR) and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with this change.MethodsWe studied 105 patients with HIV/AIDS in a retrospective hospital cohort between 2001–2006. P-CIR was considered as a decrease of >3% in the prevaccination CD4+ percentage. Crude and adjusted OR (sex, age, antiretroviral therapy, clinical stability, prevaccination viremia and prevaccination total CD4) were evaluated by logistic regression (95%CI).ResultsThe incidence of P-CIR was 33.3%. P-CIR was persistent in 31.4% for 7 months after vaccination regardless of high prevaccination viremia. No association was found between demographic and clinical variables and P-CIR [crude OR: 0.90 (0.17–4.8); adjusted OR: 1.09 (0.17–6.8)].ConclusionsThe results showed that the immunological change after vaccination was not inconsiderable. However, this change was mainly transient(AU)

[Effects of influenza vaccination on the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients: a cohort study]. / Efectos de la vacunación antigripal sobre el porcentaje de linfocitos T CD4 positivos en pacientes VIH 1/2 positivos: estudio de una cohorte.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the incidence of immunologic change in the percentage of CD4+ T lymphocytes in HIV 1/2 positive patients in the first quarter after influenza vaccination (P-CIR) and to compare the demographic and clinical characteristics associated with this change. METHODS: We studied 105 patients with HIV/AIDS in a retrospective hospital cohort between 2001-2006. P-CIR was considered as a decrease of >3% in the prevaccination CD4+ percentage. Crude and adjusted OR (sex, age, antiretroviral therapy, clinical stability, prevaccination viremia and prevaccination total CD4) were evaluated by logistic regression (95%CI). RESULTS: The incidence of P-CIR was 33.3%. P-CIR was persistent in 31.4% for 7 months after vaccination regardless of high prevaccination viremia. No association was found between demographic and clinical variables and P-CIR [crude OR: 0.90 (0.17-4.8); adjusted OR: 1.09 (0.17-6.8)]. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the immunological change after vaccination was not inconsiderable. However, this change was mainly transient.